Diathesisstress models of depression the model shown in figure 9. Im creating individual posts between biological, psychological, and evolutionary theories of the causes, as well as environmental relationships, yet not one single thing is the cause of depression. In contrast, for nonmelancholic depression, the role of personality. Biological theories of manicdepression biological theories of manicdepression like every mental illness, there is no definitive evidence concerning the etiology of manicdepression, also known as bipolar disorder.
The literature on the biological basis of depression is vast. Factors spanning these causative groups include nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin d, and tryptophan with situational origin but biological impact. Apr 22, 2010 new data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress. If depression were an actual disease, illness, or disorder you wouldnt be able to rid yourself of it. Hall, 1998 monamine5ht hypothesis just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of depression follows from the drugs that are used to treat it. The biological approach in psychology is highly reductionist in its approach to the complexity of human behavior and emotion. Research has also supported theories that take several factors into account such as the persons genetic and environmental influences. A 8mark evaluate question awards 4 marks for describing biological explanations of unipolar depression ao1 and 4 marks for evaluating them with reference to treatment ao2. New data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression.
The natural course of elevated depressive symptoms or subthreshold depression in patients with an acute coronary syndrome acs is presented, as is the prognostic impact. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really a syndrome, rather than a specific unitary disease state. Antidepressants and biochemical theories of depression. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting, and. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. Those in the biological condition then read an empirically based biological explanation of gener.
The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting. Since definitions provide the foundation for an inquiry, it is logical that the problems of definitions influence the ways in which people investigate the causes. Each type of depression is associated with different mixtures of causes. Freud 1917 prosed that many cases of depression were due to biological factors. Antidepressants and biochemical theories of depression elizabeth t. Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder diagnosed in childhood that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major ageappropriate norms are violated psychological theory of deviance. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Biological bases have been found for a range of psychological disorders. In many ways, psychological theories of deviance mirror biological explanations see. Schizophrenics, for example, have been found to have different brain structures to other people, with smaller brains and higherthannormal levels of dopamine you can read more about schizophrenia and other problems in our issues section. Behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, interpersonal, biological, and genetic perspectives are. Biological basis of depression behavior mcat youtube. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family. The course of an episode of major depressive disorder is predictable, and there are many treatments that address different aspects of the illness and, in the vast majority of cases, produce a positive effect.
Abstract depression is one of the most pervasive disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Great progress has been made in the understanding of brain function, the influence of neurotransmitters and hormones, and other biological processes, as well as how they may relate to the development of depression. Fundamentally, such depressive symptoms as sad mood, pessimism, and lethargy, are universal human experiences and are considered normal reactions to the struggles, disappointments, and losses of everyday life. Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and. Anxiety disorders can manifest in many different forms, including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Wasley, in comprehensive medicinal chemistry ii, 2007. It is impossible to point to one cause of depression because it is a disease conditioned by many different factors, ranging from independent factors like genetic, biological, hormonal, through the. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. Aug 14, 2017 anxiety disorders afflict approximately 40 million american adults each year, according to the national institute of mental health. However, for some individuals, the intensity and persistence of depressive symptoms. Theories within the biological approach support nature over nurture. Biological factors the biological factors that might have some effect on depression include. Depression is like grief, in that it often occurs as a reaction to the loss of an important relationship.
Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. Several lines of evidence suggest that the classic neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, play important roles in the pathogenesis of depressive illness. Depression may be related to abnormalities in the circadian rhythm, or biological clock. Research findings in developing countries suggest that maternal depression may be a risk factor in. These diathesisstress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability negative and maladaptive thinking and by precipitating stressful life. Researchers have a set of theories about the possible causes of this concern, but no single theory has yet been shown to be the. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and.
While the exact cause of depression is unknown, it has been suggested that a combination of biological factors and environmental stressors contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder 2. The finding of various structural and chemical abnormalities in the brain through neuroimaging has been the mainstay in depression research. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. Scientific research confirms a strong presence of biological, psychosocial, and.
Secondly the depressive state may signal help from others. Most researchers and doctors agree that depression results from a combination of factors. As this paper attempts to create an integrated framework in which multiple biological theories are synthesized, an emphasis was placed on papers that focused on an interaction between disparate biological systems. What we do know is that antidepressant medications. Biological theories of manic depression biological theories of manic depression like every mental illness, there is no definitive evidence concerning the etiology of manic depression, also known as bipolar disorder. May loo md, in integrative medicine for children, 2009. Depression may become recurrent for biological as well as social and. Description unipolar depression has a biological explanation because it runs in families.
It is more likely that behavior is due to an interaction between nature biology and nurture environment. Many experts currently agree that panic disorder is caused by a combination of factors. Biological theories of panic disorder verywell mind. Etiology of depression an overview sciencedirect topics. Clinical depression consists of a group of disorders with various causes. Depression is polygenic in nature with both genetic and epigenetic components, making the use of genetically engineered rodents as models for drug discovery precarious. You need a conclusion to get a mark in the top band 78 marks. In the sciences, a theory is more than a simple guess. Approximately 10 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from depression in the united states each year, according to the website healthy place. Aug 14, 2017 approximately 10 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from depression in the united states each year, according to the website healthy place. By rejecting cartesian dualism, we accept that all psychiatric disorders are biological. Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression.
It is very difficult to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a persons brain and their activity. The disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania and occurs in 1% of the population. Biological theories of depression flashcards quizlet. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence ncbi. The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. The biochemical and genetic explanation does not take into account significant psychological stressors i. An interesting recent development in cognitive theories of depression is the study of the. Depression has been linked to problems or imbalances in the brain, specifically with the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Biological causes of depression all about depression. Biological theories of depression and implications for. Behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, interpersonal, biological, and genetic. Biological aspects of depression wiley online library. Reducing our feelings and reactions to robotlike behavior is not only unethical, it also ignores the factors in our every day environment our childhood experiences and the influence and behavior of friends and media that have been found to affect us. Other biochemical compounds and peptides may also be involved in the etiology of some forms of mood disorders.
In general, depression can be due to a number of factors including stresses which can range from mild to severe, combined with vulnerability or predisposition to depression that can result from biological, genetic or psychological factors. Safe and effective psychological treatment options are desirable for subthreshold depression in patients with acs, should they prove tolerable, efficacious, and costeffective. A fundamental difference between the biological accounts biochemical and genetic factors and the psychological accounts freuds theory and life events, is that the biological accounts are based on an internal origin of depression within an individual, both our genes and our biochemical levels are within us, whilst freuds theory and. Mcneal and peter cimbolic the catholic university of america as psychologists, we are aware of biological models of depression, but do not appreciate how the research on this front contributes to our understanding of this illness. Biologicalexplanationsofgeneralized anxietydisorder.
Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, selfevaluations, and expectations joormann, 2009. For psychotic or melancholic depression, physical and biological factors are relevant. The evolution of antidepressant drugs has, in some ways, been the systematic narrowing down of monoamines to serotonin. Each section is highly informative and broadly representative of the field. Sometimes people say they think they were born with depression or have always felt sad since they were young. Biological theories about the causes of depression. Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Biology of depression neuroplasticity and endocrinology. This is in fact the major reason for the slow paced drug development against this disease.
Rem sleep depends on decreased serotonin levels in the brain stem, and is impaired by compounds, such as antidepressants, that increase. Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. One of the goals of this book is to help you remove the word depression from your vocabulary and, as a result, from your life. It is a coherent group of propositions formulated to explain a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world and repeatedly confirmed through experiment or observation, n. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories. Major depressive disorder is one form of depressive illness, or mood. We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression. While the classical theories of the neurobiology of depression mainly focused on serotonin and norepinephrine, there is increasing interest in the role of dopamine 50. Biology of depression neurotransmitters a literal ton of research has been done on the causes of depression. Consequently, the treatment profile is also diversified. Just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of.
In the introduction to his book rethinking depression new world library 2012, p. Social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. Kasper dl, braunwald e, fauci as, hauser sl, longo. However, it is limiting to describe behavior solely in terms of either nature or nurture, and attempts to do this underestimate the complexity of human behavior.
Yet another theory of depression is based on a biological model. However, freud also argued that some cases of depression could be linked to loss or rejection by a parent. Biological causes of clinical depression continue to be studied extensively. There are several biological explanations of depression but today we will discuss 3 in particular.
There are diverse theories on the pathogenesis of depression most based on measurement of indirect markers, postmortem studies and neuroimaging techniques. For example, rapid eye movement rem sleepthe stage in which dreaming occursmay be quick to arrive and intense in depressed people. Pp presentation with notes of the lecture given during the first cinp educational course in tomsk and novosibirsk, siberia, russian federation in may 20. Jul 15, 2019 future research is needed to further delineate and tie together the biological causes of panic disorder. Many biological and psychological factors interact in depression, althou gh precisely which specific factors interact may differ from person to person. All participants first read a paragraph about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, which was taken from the national institute of mental healths online publication titled anxiety disorders 30. Psychological causes of depression the actual causes of depression are still unknown today but there are a few theories that could help explain them. The myth that depression is either a psychological illness or a biological one then forms the basis to explain the origins of the illness. Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and treatment abdulmissagh ghadirian, m. A complex set of biological processes has been implicated in the etiology and course of depressionalthough such research has not always clarified whether such processes are underlying causal factors, correlates, or consequences of depression. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence. Several theories have been suggested for the biochemical background of depression, and. Evaluation of the biological approach psychologist world. As for the present therapeutic implications, the monoaminergic theory of depression is paralleled with the chronobiolgy theory and mainly with the theory of circadian rhythm dysregulation.
Other etiological theories include neurotransmitter imbalance or change in neurotransmitter receptor function, 1,2 hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hpa axis. Apr 20, 2020 the possible causes of bipolar disorder are not wellunderstood. Biological theories of depression and implications for current and. But before we dive into the 3 explanations, what exactly is meant by biological explanation of depression. As mentioned above, according to this hypothesis, depression is caused by neurotransmitter dysregulation or endocrinological dysfunction whybrow et al. In 20 very substantive chapters written by 26 outstanding authors, this volume spans three general areas. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters. An alternative view is offered by the social navigation theory, this theory suggest that depression offers a prolonged period of time for individuals or groups to think about their problems and come up with better solutions than they might previously have. The role of the biological perspective in psychology.